miércoles, 24 de octubre de 2007

Hablando de griegos: Democracia griega.

Hércules es reconocido como el héroe griego por excelencia, el epítome de la valentía, la fuerza, etc. Sin embargo, no es realmente lo que se podría decir un modelo a seguir: Hércules fue bendecido con la fuerza divina heredada por su padre Zeus, sin embargo, era un músculo con poco cerebro. Durante toda su vida se dejó guiar por sus emociones, lo que lo llevó a faltarle el respeto a sus amigos, a asesinar a su maestro de música, e inclusive a asesinar a Quirón, el centauro más sabio de todos... A pesar de que se arrepentía y buscaba la manera de enmendarse, esto sólo lo llevó a vivir más días expiando sus culpas que haciendo algo más.

Ahora bien, si Hércules es el prototipo el héroe griego, la realización del ideal griego es Teseo, el héroe ateniense. Teseo no sólo poseía valentía, fuerza y astucia a para derrotar a sus adversarios, sino que a diferencia de su primo Hércules, era sabio, era justo, pensaba antes de actuar.
Atenas era la capital del pensamiento griego, y Teseo era su representante. En una ocasión, hubo una batalla entre dos ciudades griegas: los vencedores decidieron abandonar los cadáveres de sus enemigos insepultos, (en el mundo griego esto significaba condenar a esos hombres a vagar eternamente sin encontrar el descanso después de la muerte). Un amigo de Teseo le contó esta situación al héroe pidiéndole su ayuda. La decisión de Teseo fue agrupar a su ejército y conquistar esa ciudad que se negaba a dar la cortesía del funeral a sus enemigos. Aún en la posibilidad de ser vencedores, Teseo les advirtió a sus soldados que tras la victoria no podrían entrar a robar y asesinar, pues ellos sólo iban a exigir justicia.
Posteriormente, tras la muerte de su padre, Teseo se convertiría en rey de Atenas; Teseo, que no ansiaba el poder como otros héroes griegos, decide aceptar el cargo, pero a su manera: instaura la democracia en Atenas, y se convierte en el "arconte" de la ciudad: un magistrado que se encarga de administrar en lugar de gobernar. A partir de ese momento, cuando algún viajero preguntaba "¿Quién gobierna Atenas?", la respuesta era: "El pueblo gobierna al pueblo".

Teseo buscó durante su magistrado que Atenas fuera una ciudad justa: ofreció asilo y ayuda al viejo Edipo cuando la guerra y las intrigas de su familia le perseguían, y declaró que en la ciudad se obedecería una ley: “No importa qué tan débil o fuerte sea el perseguidor, Atenas no negaría ayuda nunca a ningún refugiado”. Teseo tenía autoridad, sí, pero autoridad que dependía del pueblo, lo servía, lo obedecía: gobernaba obedeciendo.

Ésta es la consumación del pensamiento griego, la libertad y la justicia personificadas en un hombre que lleva a Atenas a su máximo esplendor, convirtiéndola en la única ciudad donde de verdad ha existido la democracia. Ahora toca que en México, en Latinoamérica… en el mundo, todos los pueblos busquen vivir gobernándose, y los gobernantes gobiernen obedeciendo.

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